One more week, one more week, one more week, one more week *Chants*

Meanwhile, I am semi-done with 3 of my modules, I'm left with General Physiology.

C3, C4, CAM, Energetics, Plasma Membrane, Neural Signal, Muscular Contraction and Homeostasis, here I come!!!

Just to annoy you:

Glycogenolysis:

Glycogen phosphorylase catalyses the formation of glucose-1-phospate from a non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule. When 4 residues are left at the branch site, the debranching enzyne, alpha(1,4) glycosyl transferase transfers 3 of the 4 residies to the main branch and amylo-alpha(1,6) glucosidase removes the remaining residue. Glucose-1-phosphate is then converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. Glucose-6-phosphate is then converted to glucose by gluco-6-phosphatase.

Glycogenesis:

Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase. Glucose-6-phosphate is then converted to glucose-1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. Glucose-1-phosphate reacts with Uridine triphosphate in the presence of uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase to yeild uridine diphosphate glucose and pyrophosphate. Uridine diphosphate glucose reacts with glycogen in the presence of glycogen synthase and adds 1 residue to the glycogen. Branching is catalysed by the enzyme alpha(1,4--> 1,6)glucosyl transferase.

Glycolysis:

Glucose is converted by hexokinase to glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted by phosphoglucose isomerase by fructose-6-phosphate. Frustose-6-phosphate reacts with ATP to form fructose bisphospate in the presence of phosphofructokinase. Fructose bisphosphate is then converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate(which can be converted to glyceraldehyde by triose phosphate isomerase) by aldolase. Glyceraldehye-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. 1,3-disphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase and forms ATP. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase. 2- phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by enolase. Phosphoenolpyrvuate becomes pyruvate in the presence of pyruvate kinase and yields ATP.

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA happens in the presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase and releases carbon dioxide and NADH.

Kreb Cycle:
1) Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate in the presence of citrate synthase --> Citrate
2) Citrate in the presense of aconitase --> Isocitrate
3) Isocitrate in the presence of isocitrate dehydrogenase --> alpha-ketoglutarate
4) Alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of CoASH and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase yields succinyl CoA
5) Succinyl CoA in the presence of succinyl CoA synthetase --> succinate
6) Succinate in the presence of succinate dehydrogenase --> Fumarate
7) Fumarate in the presence of fumarase --> Malate
8) Malate in the presence of malate dehydrogenase --> Oxaloacetate

Chemiosynthesis
NADH donates electrons to NADH Dehydrogenase. Succinate donates electrons to succinate dehydrogenase. Electrons get passed to ubiquinone, cytochrome bc1 complex , then to cytochrome c before reaching cytochrome oxidase complex which reduces oxygen to water.